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                  <text>(BKM) Belknap Mountains Ring Complex -- White Mountains, New Hampshire</text>
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                <text>Hart Ledge Syenite</text>
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                <text>Syenite ignimbrite dike</text>
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                  <text>&lt;strong&gt;Start Here&lt;/strong&gt;:&lt;br /&gt;Blakey, R.C., and Middleton, L.T., 2012, Geologic history and paleogeography of paleozoic and early mesozoic sedimentary rocks, eastern Grand Canyon, Arizona: Geologic Society of America Bulletin, v. 489, pp. 81-92, doi: &lt;a href="%20http%3A//dx.doi.org/10.1130/2012.2489(05)"&gt;10.1130/2012.2489(05)&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2012.2489(05)%20" target="_blank"&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This reference outlines the stratigraphy found in this suite. It specifically highlights the paleozoic era in which the samples represent.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional Resources:Â &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Brown, E.H., Babcock, R.S., Clark, M.D., and Livingston, D.E., 1979,Â Geology of the older Precambrian rocks of the Grand Canyon Part I. Petrology and structure of the Vishnu Complex: Precambrian Research, v. 8, p. 219-241, doi:Â &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(79)90030-5%20"&gt;10.1016/0301-9268(79)90030-5Â &lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;Brown et al. begins this series of 3 articles outlining the geologic timescale and discusses the Vishnu complex and how it fits into the geologic timescale. It provides an explaination for several of the samples in this collection.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Brown, E.H., Babcock, R.S., Clark, M.D., and Livingston, D.E., 1979,Â Geology of the older Precambrian rocks of the Grand Canyon Part II. The Zoroaster Plutonic Complex and related rocks: Precambrian Research, v. 8, p. 243-275, doi&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:Â &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(79)90031-7" target="_blank"&gt;10.1016/0301-9268(79)90031-7&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;In the second part of the article, the authors discuss the importance of the pluton and how it affected the formation of the stratigraphic profile of the grand canyon.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Clark, M.D., 1979,Â Geology of the older Precambrian rocks of the Grand Canyon. Part III. Petrology of mafic schists and amphibolites: Precambrian Research, v. 8, p. 277-302, doi&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:Â &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-9268(79)90032-9" target="_blank"&gt;10.1016/0301-9268(79)90032-9&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The final section of this discussion set provides insight into the mafic layers of the stratigraphic column.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
Ilg, B.R., Karlstrom, K.E., Hawkins, D.P., and Williams, M.L., 1996,Â Tectonic evolution of Paleoproterozoic rocks in the Grand Canyon: Insights into middle-crustal processes:Â Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, v. 108, p. 1149-1166, doi&lt;span&gt;&lt;span&gt;:Â &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108" target="_blank"&gt;10.1130/0016-7606(1996)108&lt;/a&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This is a general look into the formation of the stratigraphic layers. This article does a good job combining the above articles into one condensed summary.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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&#13;
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 Adirondack Mountains, New York</text>
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                  <text>The Adirondack Mountains of northern New York State are underlain by approximately 20,000 square miles of complexly deformed, high grade metamorphic rocks which are believed to represent a southern outlier of the much larger Grenville Province.The Adirondacks can be divided into the "Lowlands" and the "Highlands" . The Lowlands comprise the northwestern quarter of the belt and are characterized by amphibolite facies metamorphism. The Highlands appear to consist entirely of granulite facies rocks.  All rocks in this suite have been collected from the Highlands and predominantly from the southern quarter of the Adirondacks.  &#13;
&#13;
This suite of rocks is designed to be representative of the Highlands in general. Therefore it includes both metasedimentary and metaigneous rocks.  The latter are very common throughout the Adirondacks and contain the often-discussed anorthosite-charnockite suite of rocks. Almost all rocks in the Adirondack Highlands are strongly foliated. This is the result of intense polyphase deformation that has affected this area.&#13;
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                  <text>&lt;strong&gt;Start here:Â &lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;McLelland, J., and Selleck, B.W.,2011,Â Megacrystic Gore Mountain-type garnets in the Adirondack Highlands; age, origin, and tectonic implications:Geosphere, v.7, no. 5, p.1194-1208, doi:Â &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GES00683.1" target="_blank"&gt;10.1130/GES00683.1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article describes the formation of the megacrystic garnet amphibolites in the Gore Mountain section of the Adirondack Mountains. The authors conclude that three main factors influenced the garnet development: collapse of the Ottawan orogeny, intrusion of Lyon Mountain Granite, and fluid-related alteration at high temperature.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional resources:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;McLelland, J.M., Bickford, M.E., Hill, B.M., Clechenko, C.C., Valley, J.W., and Hamilton, M.A., 2004,Â Direct dating of Adirondack Massif anorthosite by U-Pb SHRIMP analysis of igneous zircon; implications for AMCG complexes:Â Geological Society of America Bulletin, v.116, no. 11-12, p.1299-1317, doi:Â &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/B25482.1" target="_blank"&gt;10.1130/B25482.1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article describes techniques used to more accurately date the Adirondack Massif anorthosite.The authors concluded that the massifsÂ &lt;span&gt;constitute a single, composite anorthosite-mangerite-charnockite-granite (AMCG) suite intruded at ca. 1155 Ma. Although the rock suite is considered to be coeval, the authors conclude the rocks are not comagmatic.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;McLelland, J., Bickford, M.E., Spear, F., and Storm, L., 2002, Geology and geochronolgy of the eastern Adirondacks inÂ &lt;span&gt;New England Intercollegiate Geological Conference, 94th, New York State Geological Association 74th: guidebook for field trips in New York and Vermont : Lake George, New York&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This field trip guide provides for nine stops in the eastern Adirondacks. It also include some thin sections images and zircon images from sample rocks of the field trip stops.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;McLelland, J., Daly, J.S., and McLelland, J.M., 1996,Â The Grenville orogenic cycle (ca. 1350-1000 Ma); an Adirondack perspective: Tectonophysics, v.265, issue 1-2, p.1-28, doi: &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00144-8" target="_blank"&gt;10.1016/S0040-1951(96)00144-8&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article provides a detailed geochronological account of the Grenville orogeny (ca. 1350-1000 Ma) with emphasis on the impact it had on the formation of the Adirondack Mountains.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;McLelland, J., Lewis, A., and Moore, L., 1994,Â Composition and petrogenesis of oxide-, apatite-rich gabbronorites associated with Proterozoic anorthosite massifs: examples from the Adirondack Mountains, New York: Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v.116, p.225-238, doi:Â &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00310702" target="_blank"&gt;10.1007/BF00310702&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article investigates the occurence of oxide-, apatite-rich gabbronorites with anorthosite massifs of the Adirondacks. The authors describe a multilple-step process of plagioclase crystal fractionation that ultimately leads to high concentrations of P, Fe, and Ti.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;New York State Geological Survey&lt;br /&gt;&lt;a href="http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/nysgs/nygeology/mineralogy/adirondacks/index.html"&gt;http://www.nysm.nysed.gov/nysgs/nygeology/mineralogy/adirondacks/index.html&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;The NYS Geological Survey is a division of the New York State Museum system. This web page provides some details about the Adirondack Highlands and pictures of various minerals found in this region.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;Regan, S.P., Chiarenzelli, J.R., McLelland,Â J.M., and Cousens, B. L., 2011,Â Evidence for an enriched asthenospheric source for coronitic metagabbros in the Adirondack Highlands: Geosphere, v.7, issue 3, p.&lt;span&gt;Â 694-709, doi:Â &lt;a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/GES00629.1" target="_blank"&gt;10.1130/GES00629.1&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article describes the formation of coronitc metagabbros through tectonic processes involving the asthenosphere. Through geochemical and isotopic analyses, the authors provide a timeline of tectonic and petrologic events that supports an asthenospheric source for coronitic metagabbros.&lt;/li&gt;
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://geosciencecollections.milne-library.org/collections/show/7"&gt;Anorthosite-Charnockite and Metamorphic Suite-Adirondack Mountains, New York&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                <text>This medium grained facies is one of a number of anorthositic sheets that intrude throughout the stratigraphic section of the southern Adirondacks. A chemical analyses of specimens from this outcrop yield results that are almost identical with Buddington's (1939) average gabbroic anorthosite.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;table&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Â &lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Tennantville locality (McFarland)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Average Gabbroic&lt;br /&gt;Anorthosite (Buddington)&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;SiOâ‚‚&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;52.36&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;52.37&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;TiOâ‚‚&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1.14&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;-&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Alâ‚‚Oâ‚ƒ&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;23.75&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;24.68&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Feâ‚‚Oâ‚ƒ&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1.11&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1.24&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;FeO&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3.96&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3.49&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;MnO&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;.07&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;-&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;MgO&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;1.53&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;2.0&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;CaO&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;10.63&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;10.57&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Naâ‚‚O&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;3.69&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;4.02&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Kâ‚‚O&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;.90&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;.86&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Pâ‚‚Oâ‚…&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;.16&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;-&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Hâ‚‚O+&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;.69&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;.90&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;Total&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;99.99%&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;td&gt;
&lt;p&gt;100.13%&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;/td&gt;
&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
The existence of these instrusive sheets of gabbroic anorthosite argues strongly against the proposition that the anorthositic rocks constitute part of an older, pre-Grenvillian basement complex. Rocks similar to the Tennantville gabbroic anorthosite commonly occur as border facies surrounding larger, coarser bodies of anorthosite. Spongy, brick-red garnets are common in these rocks.&lt;br /&gt;Thin section shows plagioclase and clinopyroxene.</text>
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                  <text>(HA) Volcanic Phenomena Suite -- The Hawaiian Islands of Hawaii and Oahu</text>
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                  <text>These 31 samples comprise a collection of volcanic rocks associated with the hot-spot volcanism of the Hawaiian Islands. Samples were collected from various locations across the islands of Hawaii and Oahu. The collection contains samples of primarily tholeiitic &amp; alkalic basalts, pumice, scoria, oceanite, and hawaiite. </text>
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                  <text>Samples were collected from various locations on the islands of Hawaii and Oahu. </text>
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                  <text>Samples formed from Holocene eruptions of the past 300 years. Dated samples formed between 1750 and 1960. </text>
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                  <text>Purchased from Western Minerals, Inc. </text>
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                <elementText elementTextId="17997">
                  <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Start here:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1949, Petrography of the Island of Hawaii, U.S.G.S. Prof. Paper 214 D&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article is a part of the general investigation of the island of Hawaii by the United States Geologic Survey. The paper describes the dominant volcanoes of the island of Hawaii (from which most of the suite's samples were collected) and describes the petrographic phenomena observed and geochemical analyses of volcanic rocks.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional Resources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ho, R.A., Garcia, M.O., 1988, Origin of differentiated lavas at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii; implications from the 1955 eruption: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 50, p. 35-46.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article describes a study of lava flows from the 1955 eruption of the Kilauea Volcano on the island of Hawaii to evaluate models of crystal fractionation or magma mixing as the processes forming differentiated magmas. Through geochemical analyses, the study concluded that crystal fractionation resulted in the observed differentiation of lavas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hofman, A.W., Farnetani, C.G., 2013, Two Views of Hawaiian Plume Structure: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v.14, p. 5308-5322, doi:10.1002/2013GC004942&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article presents two opposing views of the source of magmas for the Hawaiian volcanoes. Both views favor a deep mantle source, but try to explain differences in isotopic compositions.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1968, Composition and origin of Hawaiian LavasÂ &lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt; GSA Memoirs 1968, p. 477-522&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article provides geochemical analysis of major elements as well as determinations of minor elements of volcanic rocks from the island of Hawaii. The article describes the three major rock types - tholeitic, alkalic, and nephelinic - and concludes these rock suites are chemically intergradational and are likely derived from crystal differentiation of a single parent magma.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moore, J.G., Clague, D.A., 1992, Volcano growth and evolution of the Island of Hawaii: Geologic Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 1471-1484&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article proposes a chronologic evolution of the island of Hawaii, from where many of the suite's samples were collected.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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                <text>&lt;a href="http://geosciencecollections.milne-library.org/admin/collections/show/16"&gt;Volcanic Phenomena Suite - The Hawaiian Islands of Hawaii and Oahu&lt;/a&gt;</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Start here:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1949, Petrography of the Island of Hawaii, U.S.G.S. Prof. Paper 214 D&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article is a part of the general investigation of the island of Hawaii by the United States Geologic Survey. The paper describes the dominant volcanoes of the island of Hawaii (from which most of the suite's samples were collected) and describes the petrographic phenomena observed and geochemical analyses of volcanic rocks.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional Resources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ho, R.A., Garcia, M.O., 1988, Origin of differentiated lavas at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii; implications from the 1955 eruption: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 50, p. 35-46.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article describes a study of lava flows from the 1955 eruption of the Kilauea Volcano on the island of Hawaii to evaluate models of crystal fractionation or magma mixing as the processes forming differentiated magmas. Through geochemical analyses, the study concluded that crystal fractionation resulted in the observed differentiation of lavas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hofman, A.W., Farnetani, C.G., 2013, Two Views of Hawaiian Plume Structure: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v.14, p. 5308-5322, doi:10.1002/2013GC004942&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article presents two opposing views of the source of magmas for the Hawaiian volcanoes. Both views favor a deep mantle source, but try to explain differences in isotopic compositions.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1968, Composition and origin of Hawaiian LavasÂ &lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt; GSA Memoirs 1968, p. 477-522&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article provides geochemical analysis of major elements as well as determinations of minor elements of volcanic rocks from the island of Hawaii. The article describes the three major rock types - tholeitic, alkalic, and nephelinic - and concludes these rock suites are chemically intergradational and are likely derived from crystal differentiation of a single parent magma.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moore, J.G., Clague, D.A., 1992, Volcano growth and evolution of the Island of Hawaii: Geologic Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 1471-1484&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article proposes a chronologic evolution of the island of Hawaii, from where many of the suite's samples were collected.&lt;/li&gt;
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Start here:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1949, Petrography of the Island of Hawaii, U.S.G.S. Prof. Paper 214 D&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article is a part of the general investigation of the island of Hawaii by the United States Geologic Survey. The paper describes the dominant volcanoes of the island of Hawaii (from which most of the suite's samples were collected) and describes the petrographic phenomena observed and geochemical analyses of volcanic rocks.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional Resources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ho, R.A., Garcia, M.O., 1988, Origin of differentiated lavas at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii; implications from the 1955 eruption: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 50, p. 35-46.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article describes a study of lava flows from the 1955 eruption of the Kilauea Volcano on the island of Hawaii to evaluate models of crystal fractionation or magma mixing as the processes forming differentiated magmas. Through geochemical analyses, the study concluded that crystal fractionation resulted in the observed differentiation of lavas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hofman, A.W., Farnetani, C.G., 2013, Two Views of Hawaiian Plume Structure: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v.14, p. 5308-5322, doi:10.1002/2013GC004942&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article presents two opposing views of the source of magmas for the Hawaiian volcanoes. Both views favor a deep mantle source, but try to explain differences in isotopic compositions.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1968, Composition and origin of Hawaiian LavasÂ &lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt; GSA Memoirs 1968, p. 477-522&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article provides geochemical analysis of major elements as well as determinations of minor elements of volcanic rocks from the island of Hawaii. The article describes the three major rock types - tholeitic, alkalic, and nephelinic - and concludes these rock suites are chemically intergradational and are likely derived from crystal differentiation of a single parent magma.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moore, J.G., Clague, D.A., 1992, Volcano growth and evolution of the Island of Hawaii: Geologic Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 1471-1484&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article proposes a chronologic evolution of the island of Hawaii, from where many of the suite's samples were collected.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Start here:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1949, Petrography of the Island of Hawaii, U.S.G.S. Prof. Paper 214 D&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional Resources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ho, R.A., Garcia, M.O., 1988, Origin of differentiated lavas at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii; implications from the 1955 eruption: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 50, p. 35-46.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article describes a study of lava flows from the 1955 eruption of the Kilauea Volcano on the island of Hawaii to evaluate models of crystal fractionation or magma mixing as the processes forming differentiated magmas. Through geochemical analyses, the study concluded that crystal fractionation resulted in the observed differentiation of lavas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hofman, A.W., Farnetani, C.G., 2013, Two Views of Hawaiian Plume Structure: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v.14, p. 5308-5322, doi:10.1002/2013GC004942&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article presents two opposing views of the source of magmas for the Hawaiian volcanoes. Both views favor a deep mantle source, but try to explain differences in isotopic compositions.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1968, Composition and origin of Hawaiian LavasÂ &lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt; GSA Memoirs 1968, p. 477-522&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article provides geochemical analysis of major elements as well as determinations of minor elements of volcanic rocks from the island of Hawaii. The article describes the three major rock types - tholeitic, alkalic, and nephelinic - and concludes these rock suites are chemically intergradational and are likely derived from crystal differentiation of a single parent magma.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moore, J.G., Clague, D.A., 1992, Volcano growth and evolution of the Island of Hawaii: Geologic Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 1471-1484&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article proposes a chronologic evolution of the island of Hawaii, from where many of the suite's samples were collected.&lt;/li&gt;
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                  <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Start here:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1949, Petrography of the Island of Hawaii, U.S.G.S. Prof. Paper 214 D&lt;/p&gt;
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&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional Resources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ho, R.A., Garcia, M.O., 1988, Origin of differentiated lavas at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii; implications from the 1955 eruption: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 50, p. 35-46.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article describes a study of lava flows from the 1955 eruption of the Kilauea Volcano on the island of Hawaii to evaluate models of crystal fractionation or magma mixing as the processes forming differentiated magmas. Through geochemical analyses, the study concluded that crystal fractionation resulted in the observed differentiation of lavas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hofman, A.W., Farnetani, C.G., 2013, Two Views of Hawaiian Plume Structure: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v.14, p. 5308-5322, doi:10.1002/2013GC004942&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article presents two opposing views of the source of magmas for the Hawaiian volcanoes. Both views favor a deep mantle source, but try to explain differences in isotopic compositions.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1968, Composition and origin of Hawaiian LavasÂ &lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt; GSA Memoirs 1968, p. 477-522&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article provides geochemical analysis of major elements as well as determinations of minor elements of volcanic rocks from the island of Hawaii. The article describes the three major rock types - tholeitic, alkalic, and nephelinic - and concludes these rock suites are chemically intergradational and are likely derived from crystal differentiation of a single parent magma.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moore, J.G., Clague, D.A., 1992, Volcano growth and evolution of the Island of Hawaii: Geologic Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 1471-1484&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article proposes a chronologic evolution of the island of Hawaii, from where many of the suite's samples were collected.&lt;/li&gt;
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              <name>Spatial Coverage</name>
              <description>Spatial characteristics of the resource.</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="17821">
                  <text>Samples were collected from various locations on the islands of Hawaii and Oahu. </text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="116">
              <name>Temporal Coverage</name>
              <description>Temporal characteristics of the resource.</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="17822">
                  <text>Samples formed from Holocene eruptions of the past 300 years. Dated samples formed between 1750 and 1960. </text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="117">
              <name>Accrual Method</name>
              <description>The method by which items are added to a collection.</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="17823">
                  <text>Purchased from Western Minerals, Inc. </text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
            <element elementId="109">
              <name>References</name>
              <description>A related resource that is referenced, cited, or otherwise pointed to by the described resource.</description>
              <elementTextContainer>
                <elementText elementTextId="17997">
                  <text>&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Start here:&lt;br /&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1949, Petrography of the Island of Hawaii, U.S.G.S. Prof. Paper 214 D&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article is a part of the general investigation of the island of Hawaii by the United States Geologic Survey. The paper describes the dominant volcanoes of the island of Hawaii (from which most of the suite's samples were collected) and describes the petrographic phenomena observed and geochemical analyses of volcanic rocks.Â &lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Additional Resources:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Ho, R.A., Garcia, M.O., 1988, Origin of differentiated lavas at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii; implications from the 1955 eruption: Bulletin of Volcanology, v. 50, p. 35-46.&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article describes a study of lava flows from the 1955 eruption of the Kilauea Volcano on the island of Hawaii to evaluate models of crystal fractionation or magma mixing as the processes forming differentiated magmas. Through geochemical analyses, the study concluded that crystal fractionation resulted in the observed differentiation of lavas.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Hofman, A.W., Farnetani, C.G., 2013, Two Views of Hawaiian Plume Structure: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v.14, p. 5308-5322, doi:10.1002/2013GC004942&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article presents two opposing views of the source of magmas for the Hawaiian volcanoes. Both views favor a deep mantle source, but try to explain differences in isotopic compositions.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Macdonald, G.A., 1968, Composition and origin of Hawaiian LavasÂ &lt;em&gt;in&lt;/em&gt; GSA Memoirs 1968, p. 477-522&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article provides geochemical analysis of major elements as well as determinations of minor elements of volcanic rocks from the island of Hawaii. The article describes the three major rock types - tholeitic, alkalic, and nephelinic - and concludes these rock suites are chemically intergradational and are likely derived from crystal differentiation of a single parent magma.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Moore, J.G., Clague, D.A., 1992, Volcano growth and evolution of the Island of Hawaii: Geologic Society of America Bulletin, v. 104, p. 1471-1484&lt;/p&gt;
&lt;ul&gt;&lt;li&gt;This article proposes a chronologic evolution of the island of Hawaii, from where many of the suite's samples were collected.&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;</text>
                </elementText>
              </elementTextContainer>
            </element>
          </elementContainer>
        </elementSet>
      </elementSetContainer>
    </collection>
    <itemType itemTypeId="15">
      <name>Rock</name>
      <description>A physical material with a mineral composition.</description>
      <elementContainer>
        <element elementId="129">
          <name>Number of Thin Sections</name>
          <description>Number of thin sections associated with this sample</description>
          <elementTextContainer>
            <elementText elementTextId="15514">
              <text>1</text>
            </elementText>
          </elementTextContainer>
        </element>
      </elementContainer>
    </itemType>
    <elementSetContainer>
      <elementSet elementSetId="1">
        <name>Dublin Core</name>
        <description>The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.</description>
        <elementContainer>
          <element elementId="50">
            <name>Title</name>
            <description>A name given to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="15506">
                <text>Tholeiitic Basalt</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="41">
            <name>Description</name>
            <description>An account of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="15507">
                <text>Hand Sample: Aphanitic dark gray vesicular basalt. The vesicles are uniform and common throughout the sample, with diameters of approx. 0.05 cm. </text>
              </elementText>
              <elementText elementTextId="15508">
                <text>Thin Section: Groundmass consists of medium size plagioclase with small crystals of pyroxenes. The sample is uniform, with no large phenocrysts. Vesicles (~0.03mm) are present in sample. </text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="37">
            <name>Contributor</name>
            <description>An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="15509">
                <text>Western Minerals</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="104">
            <name>Is Part Of</name>
            <description>A related resource in which the described resource is physically or logically included.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="15510">
                <text>&lt;a href="http://www.geosciencecollections.milne-library.org/collections/show/656"&gt;Volcanic Phenomena Suite - The Hawaiian Islands of Hawaii and Oahu&lt;/a&gt;</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="43">
            <name>Identifier</name>
            <description>An unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="15511">
                <text>HA-17</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="115">
            <name>Spatial Coverage</name>
            <description>Spatial characteristics of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="15512">
                <text>Northeast flank of Mauna Loa&#13;
Kaumana, Island of Hawaii</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="116">
            <name>Temporal Coverage</name>
            <description>Temporal characteristics of the resource.</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="15513">
                <text>1881</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
          <element elementId="40">
            <name>Date</name>
            <description>A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource</description>
            <elementTextContainer>
              <elementText elementTextId="18553">
                <text>Sample collected January, 1969</text>
              </elementText>
            </elementTextContainer>
          </element>
        </elementContainer>
      </elementSet>
    </elementSetContainer>
  </item>
</itemContainer>
